Table of Contents

Ear, Nose & Throat Examination Notes for Medical Students

THE EAR HISTORY & HEARING TESTS:

The Interview – Ear Related History

Presenting Symptoms
- Pain,
- Discharge
- Itching,
- Vertigo
- Tinnitis
- Changing in Hearing
History of Presenting Symptoms
- Onset – weeks day, months
- Contributing factors – trauma, recent illness, exposure to sudden loud noise
- Which ear effected
- Does anything make it worse, does anything make it better.
Medical History – Note specifically
- Hypoxia at birth
- Low birth weight – less than 1500g
- Congenital abnormalities of the face or skull
- Maternal drug use
- Head trauma
- Ear trauma
- Genetic disease – Meniere’s Disease
- Chronic and acute infections – ear, sinus, colds, flu
Surgical History – Note specifically
- Ear surgery – grommets etc
- Sinus surgery
- Head and facial surgery
- Nerosugery
Medications: Many medications can be ototoxic. Note spefically:
- Large doses of Aspirin
- Gentamicin Sulphate
- Aminoglycosides
Social History – Note specifically:
- Exposure to loud noises at work, availability and us of PPE
- Exposure to Industrial noise
- Exposure to recreational noise
Family History – Note Specifically
- Family history of hearing loss
- Genetic disorders

EXAMINATION OF THE EAR

External structures:

Briefly examine the outer structures
- Colour and texture of the skin
- Any moles, cysts, nodes, or deformities
Any skin changes suggestive of cancer (e.g basal cell, melanoma,
- Any signs of swelling and/or redness
- Discharge – colour and odor
Palpate the ear for pain, tenderness, skin texture and lesions.

If pain increases – external ear infection likely
No pain increase – middle ear infection likely
Tenderness in mastoid area – possible mastoiditis

External Auditory Canal and Tympanic Membrane:

The Otoscope:
The otoscope allows you to examine the external canal,, as well as the tympanic membrane and a few inner ear structures. Use the biggest earpiece that can fit in to the ear canal.

Ear, Nose & Throat Examination Notes for Medical Students

Examination procedure:

Always examine the unaffected ear first.

Place the tip of the specula in the opening of the external canal.
Gently grasp the top of the left ear with your left hand and pull up and backwards. This straightens out the canal, allowing easier passage of the scope.
Look through the viewing window with either eye. Slowly advance the scope, heading a bit towards the patient’s nose but without any up or down angle.
As you advance, pay attention to the appearance of the external canal. In the setting of infection, called otitis externa, the walls becomes red, swollen and may not accommodate the speculum. In the normal state there should be plenty of room.

The Tympanic Membrane:

The tympanic membrane (a.k.a. ear drum) should be visible. Pay particular attention to:

The color: When healthy, it has a grayish, translucent appearance.
The structures behind it: The malleous, one of the bones of the middle ear, touches the drum.

An annulus fibrosus

Lpi long process of incus – sometimes visible through a healthy translucent drum Um umbo – the end of the malleus handle and the centre of the drum

Lr light reflex – antero-inferioirly Lp Lateral process of the malleus

At Attic also known as pars flaccida

Hm handle of the malleus

In the setting of infection within the middle ear, the drum becomes diffusely red and the light reflex is lost.
fluid collecting behind the drum. This is called a middle ear effusion and can cause the drum to bulge outwards.

Detecting Conductive v. Sensorineural Deficits:

Conduction: The passage of sound from outside to the level of the 8th cranial nerve. This includes transmission of sound through the external canal and middle ears.
Sensorineural: The transmission of sound through the 8th nerve to the brain.

Hearing loss can occur at either level. To determine which is affected, the following tests are performed: Pure tone audiometry is used to measure the softest sounds that a person can hear at different pitches. Speech audiometry is used to assess how well a person can recognize and repeat words at different volumes. These tests help determine the degree and type of hearing loss. Additionally, a tympanometry test may be conducted to assess the condition of the middle ear and the mobility of the eardrum. Surviving your first year with hearing loss can be challenging, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, individuals can learn to effectively manage their condition and communicate successfully.

Weber Test:

Grasp the tuning fork by its stem and place the stem towards the back of the patient’s head equidistant from either ear. The bones of the skull will transmit this sound to the 8th nerve, which should then be appreciated in both ears equally.
1. If there is a conductive deficit (e.g. wax in the external canal), the sound will be heard better in that ear. This is because impaired conduction has prevented any competing sounds from entering the ear via the normal route.
2. In a sensorineural abnormality (e.g. an acoustic neuroma, a tumor arising from the 8th CN), the sound will be best heard in the normal ear.
If sound is heard better in one ear it is described as lateralizing to that side. Otherwise, the Weber test is said to be mid-line.

Rinne Test:

Place the stem on the mastoid bone and instruct the patient to let you know as soon as they can no longer hear the sound.
Then place the tines of the still vibrating fork right next to, but not touching, the external canal. They should again be able to hear the sound. This is because transmission of sound through air is always better than through bone.
This will not be the case if there is a conductive hearing loss which causes bone conduction to be greater than or equal to air.
If there is a sensorineural abnormality (e.g. medication induced toxicity to the 8th CN), air conduction should still be better then bone as they will both be equally affected by the deficit.